Capillary Wick Irrigation Technique: A Sustainable Hydraulic Innovation for Water-Efficient and Climate-Resilient Infrastructure in Arid Regions

Abstract

Groundwater is a vital resource supporting agriculture, industry, and rural livelihoods. However, changing climatic patterns, erratic rainfall, and unsustainable human activities have accelerated groundwater depletion, posing major challenges to sustainable water management. In response, this study introduces the Capillary Wick Irrigation Technique (CWIT) an innovative, passive irrigation system designed to enhance water use efficiency and promote sustainable agricultural infrastructure, particularly in arid and saline-prone environments. Unlike conventional drip systems, CWIT utilizes capillary action through specially engineered wick structures embedded in a subsurface pipe network, eliminating the need for external energy or technical operation. Experimental trials on fennel crops under controlled saline conditions revealed a distinct hemispherical wetting front, extending vertically up to 50 cm and horizontally up to 30 cm, with soil moisture retained for up to 12 days without additional irrigation. Field studies conducted in Velavadar, Surendranagar District, Gujarat, further validated the technique, showing approximately 17.4% water savings over drip irrigation and nearly 85% compared to traditional surface methods. CWIT also enhanced crop yield efficiency, reduced evaporation and runoff, and supported soil conservation and groundwater recharge. Offering a low-cost, scalable, and environmentally resilient solution, CWIT presents strong potential for integration into rural water systems and climate-resilient farming, particularly in water-scarce regions.